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SoK: Blockchain Consensus in the Quantum Age

This ‘System of Knowledge’ (SoK) paper critically analyzes the intersection of consensus algorithms and quantum computing. The authors evaluate how quantum thre

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Abstract

This ‘System of Knowledge’ (SoK) paper critically analyzes the intersection of consensus algorithms and quantum computing. The authors evaluate how quantum threats extend beyond signature forgery to consensus disruption, particularly in Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) models. The paper investigates whether quantum speedups in Grover’s algorithm undermine PoW mining difficulty adjustments. By formalizing a taxonomy of quantum threats, the authors provide a rigorous benchmark for assessing current consensus safety. They argue that consensus robustness in the quantum age requires not only new signature schemes but also rethinkings of the incentive structures that govern block production. The paper provides a definitive categorization of which blockchain components are vulnerable to quantum computing and which remain computationally secure under Grover’s or Shor’s algorithms. Authors: G. Gutoski, S. Stebila Publication: Academic Paper Publication date: 2024-01-01

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Key findings

  • Grover’s algorithm reduces the effective search space of Proof-of-Work mining.
  • Quantum threats to consensus are distinct from threats to transaction privacy.
  • Incentive layers in decentralized networks must be tuned to account for quantum compute advantages.
  • Post-quantum consensus requires a fundamental reassessment of security assumptions.

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Citation

G. Gutoski, S. Stebila (2024). SoK: Blockchain Consensus in the Quantum Age. Academic Paper. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3709016.3737798
Canonical knowledge ID: research:sok-blockchain-consensus-in-the-quantum-age