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# Bullshark: DAG BFT Protocols Made Practical

> Bullshark introduces an asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus protocol built upon a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) architecture. The authors addre

# Bullshark: DAG BFT Protocols Made Practical

Bullshark introduces an asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus protocol built upon a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) architecture. The authors addre

## Abstract

Bullshark introduces an asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus protocol built upon a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) architecture. The authors address the latency and throughput limitations of traditional linear-blockchain consensus mechanisms by decoupling the data dissemination layer from the consensus ordering layer. By utilizing a DAG to structure the propagation of transactions, Bullshark allows validators to reach consensus on the order of transactions asynchronously. The paper demonstrates that this approach significantly enhances throughput while maintaining safety and liveness under asynchronous network conditions. It presents a modular architecture where the protocol can achieve high performance by delegating the ordering of blocks to a specific DAG-based structure, which avoids the bottleneck of sequential block production. The contribution is pivotal for scalable decentralized systems aiming for sub-second latency in highly parallelized environments, proving that high-throughput BFT is practical at scale.

**Authors:** Alexander Spiegelman, Neil Giridharan, Alberto Sonnino, Lefteris Kokoris-Kogias

**Publication:** arXiv preprint

**Publication date:** 2022-01-01

## Key findings

* Decouples data dissemination from consensus ordering to improve scalability.
* Utilizes a DAG structure to achieve asynchronous BFT performance.
* Maintains high throughput in adverse network conditions.
* Demonstrates sub-second latency in practical deployment scenarios.

## Citation

Alexander Spiegelman, Neil Giridharan, Alberto Sonnino, Lefteris Kokoris-Kogias (2022). Bullshark: DAG BFT Protocols Made Practical. arXiv preprint. [https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.05633](https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.05633)

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**Canonical knowledge ID:** `research:bullshark-dag-bft-protocols-made-practical`